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In the previous post, Well-Known Marks but Where? Territorial Scope in the Astana International Financial Centre vs Mainland Kazakhstan, we explored the parallel existence of two systems of well…

The pending IKEA v. Vlaams Belang case before the CJEU offers a key test of how freedom of expression (FoE) interacts with EU trademark law. IKEA sued the Belgian party Vlaams Belang for parodying…

The Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC), established in 2018, is a special economic zone with a special legal regime in Kazakhstan. Developed with reference to international models like the…

Merck Germany and Merck US were related entities in the 17th century. They started operating independently from early 19th century. Both parties have been coexisting in the market using the MERCK…

Brazil is Latin America’s largest and most competitive delivery market, with >100 million app users and rapid revenue growth. Incumbents – especially iFood – benefit from first-mover advantages,…

Vehicle radiator grills used to be very basic and there mainly as a necessity. But in recent years, car manufacturers have put extra thought into it and it is a key part of the overall look…