IntroductionThis article examines the recent judgment in C-653/23, TOODE SIA v. Valsts ieņēmumu dienests, which addresses the critical question of when State aid is deemed to have been "granted"…
The GENIUS Act, short for Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act, is here. The Act legitimises the US stablecoin market by establishing the first comprehensive federal…
IntroductionPicture a situation where you are the general counsel of a company operating in a highly regulated sector, such as telecom, power, or broadcasting, where compliance with sector-specific…
The European Commission is exploring ways European Union (EU) competition policy can support the security and resilience of European supply chains, particularly in relation to critical raw materials…
The war has triggered a sweeping wave of asset consolidation in Ukraine. Markets are undergoing major restructuring, large players are scaling up, and assets are frequently changing hands at a fast…
In recent years, hub and spoke practices have been a hot topic for competition authorities all around the world. In Spain, the National Commission on Markets and Competition (the “CNMC”) recently…
On 18 July 2025, the European Commission launched a public consultation on its draft guidelines on the implementation of the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (Draft Guidelines). The Draft Guidelines are…
The European Union’s (EU’s) Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR) aims to prevent “foreign” (meaning non-EU) subsidies from distorting competition in the EU. The FSR imposed new notification…
More than four years on, Google is still dealing with the requirements set out in the Turkish Competition Authority (“TCA”)’s Local Search Decision . This ongoing process has resulted in a…
Overview· The Board deviated from its usual fine methodology by calculating fines based on the share of labour costs in turnover, due to the HR-focused…
