I. Executive SummaryThe opinion delivered on 12 June 2025 by Advocate General Maciej Szpunar ("AG") before the European Court of Justice ("ECJ") in Case C-286/24 Meliá Hotels International v…
Competition enforcers have, over the last few years, peppered their reports with references to ‘ecosystems’. However, until CADE’s recent decision on the Apple case, it was no more than jargon.…
IntroductionThe Supreme Court of India recently passed its judgment in the Schott Glass case[1]. The ruling comes after more than ten years when the Competition Commission of India first adjudged the…
The Turkish Competition Authority (TCA) published its decision clearing Google’s acquisition of generative AI developer Galileo AI (Galileo)[1]. Galileo AI was founded in 2022 and develops generative…
As per McKinsey, a top consulting firm, generative AI could add $2.6 trillion to $4.4 trillion to the global economy within the next decade. This emerging value and the growth potential of generative…
From legal tool to political shortcut?The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR) was initially designed as a legal tool to ensure that foreign state support does not distort competition in the EU…
Advocate General Kokott has delivered her Opinion in the Google Android appeal, recommending that Google’s appeal be dismissed in its entirety and that the General Court’s 2022 judgment be upheld. In…
The Digital Markets Act (DMA) became entirely applicable on 7 March 2024 for most gatekeepers. By then, the gatekeepers issued their compliance reports documenting their technical solutions and…
The Digital Markets Act (DMA) became entirely applicable on 7 March 2024 for most gatekeepers. By then, the gatekeepers issued their compliance reports documenting their technical solutions and…
Payment Systems in Turkey
Payment and Electronic Money Institutions are entities licensed to operate as a payment institutions or electronic money institutions pursuant to the Law No. 6493 on Payment…
