Competition enforcers have, over the last few years, peppered their reports with references to ‘ecosystems’. However, until CADE’s recent decision on the Apple case, it was no more than jargon…
Introduction
On February 13, 2025, the Bundeskartellamt (Federal Cartel Office, “FCO”) sent its statement of objections to Apple regarding the App Tracking Transparency Framework (“ATTF”), setting…
On September 10, 2024, the European Court of Justice (ECJ or Court) sided with the European Commission (Commission) and ruled that two Irish subsidiaries of Apple Inc. received unlawful state aid…
To commemorate the Digital Markets Act’s initial designation decisions, in September the European Commission issued its first two decisions opening specification proceedings on Apple’s technical…
Background
Asymmetrical relationships can be defined as
unequal status or power relations between participants, whose roles are termed superior (...) and subordinate. Expectations and behaviour are…
The DMA seeks to capture gatekeeper conduct. For that, the regulation applies to those targets of the regulation satisfying the legal category of a gatekeeper. If an undertaking is not a gatekeeper…
The Digital Markets Act (DMA) became entirely applicable on 7 March 2024. By then, the gatekeepers issued their compliance reports documenting their technical solutions and implementation of the DMA…
After almost three years since the Commission sent Apple its statement of objections, which was significantly trimmed down, the Commission reached a finding of abuse for which it imposed a whopping…
On November 9th 2023, the Advocate General (“AG”) Pitruzzella published his Opinion on the Apple state aid case.
More specifically, in Commission v Ireland & Apple (Case C‑465/20 P), the AG proposed…
